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Briti kirjandus 20.-21. sajand kordamisküsimused vastustega (0)

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British Literature in the 20th-21st Century
REVISION QUESTIONS
  • The Contradictory , diverse , chaotic 20th century. New developments in science and philosophy . The essence and influence of Freudian theory.
    Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th c- simultaneous rejection and invocation of the past. While modernists apotheosized the creative geniuses of the past, they also rejected old poetic forms . Challenge old and established beliefs and more and more people had access to books and education more people went to universities .
    profound change in morals:
    Science: Albert Einstein -general theory of relativity had a huge impact on culture as well. Everything is relative.
    Philosophy: Henri Bergson ( French ) came to challenge the immediate experience ad intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality . Opposition to materialism and positivism . Opposition to abstract , untested theories &ideologies. Friedrich Nietzsche „God is dead“- through explaining and putting forward theories had killed Christian god.
    The essence of Freudian theory: the process in the human psyche
    Superego -society, conscience, morals, traditions , religion, a moral censor
    Ego- rational behavior, motivation , self-identification, conscious decisions
    Id-instincts, natural responses , the pleasure principle, aggressive instincts, the death wish
    Influence: In art and literature, Freud 's theories influenced surrealism . Like psychoanalysis, surrealistic painting and writing explores the inner depths of the unconscious mind. Freudian ideas have provided subject matter for authors and artists . Critics often analyze art and literature in Freudian terms
  • Literary Modernism and its sub-movements. The influence of Structuralism and psychoanalysis. Main characteristic features of Modernism. Denial of conventions, traditional structure, plot and presentation of character . The stream of consciousness . Allusiveness. Virginia Woolf ’s Modern Fiction as a theoretical platform for Modernism. Criticism of Realist literary method .
    Literary modernism: end of the 19th century-1920 (reached its height ) and ended 1940s. A self-conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. Rejecting the sentiment and discursiveness typical of Romanticism and Victorian literature for poetry that instead favored precision (täppis) of imagery and clear , sharp language . Modernist writers embraced the unconscious fears of a darker humanity.
    Sub movements: surrealism, formalism , avant- garde , symbolism, imagism
    Structuralism: Writers used myth and music as a part of the books structure. J. JoyceUlysses ”. Deep structure is the same as in “ odyssey ” and T.S. Elliot “the fisher king ”-more complicated experiment . Aldous Huxley „point counter point“-builds his chapters on principles of music. R. Aldington „death of a hero “-a jazz novel . Polyphony- harmony . Cacophony Virginia Woolf „the waves“-symphony.
    Psychoanalysis: The greatest influence of psychoanalysis on literary production has probably been to add legitimacy to the already -existing trends towards greater psychological introspection and towards more prominent and franker discussions of sexuality.

    Main characteristic features of Modernism: Characteristics of Modernism


      Formal characteristics (11)

    Thematic characteristics(8)
    Stream of consciousness: The flow of thought in the waking mind. The continuous flow of character’s mental process. In traditional books, descriptions are built on artificial, life is not like this, an ordinary mind does not think that now I’m going to think thought a or thought b. Ordinary mind can’t control itself, they just form itself.
    Allusiveness-reference to previous literature text. Those fact , names , hints are hided in modern text. They are expected to be recognized by readers. Everything is interconnected.
    Virginia Woolf-manifesto „modern fiction“. 1925, by that time major names had established themselves. She summarized what they were doing. He started by explaining what the situation was and went on to explain how it should be.
    Criticism of Realist literary method.
    Denial of conventions (tava), traditional structure, plot and presentation of character.
  • Joseph Conrad and Literary Impressionism . New ways of presenting character and experience. Conrad’s literary output. Lord Jim. Nostromo . Heart of Darkness and a critique of colonialism. Kurtz as Nietzsche’s Superman. The darkness of human heart. Civilization and barbarism: which is which?
    Joseph Conrad and Literary Impressionism. Effect of light . Moments , very conscious of precious moments. Conrad: writer must do something like that on paper. Only by giving the impression can painter , writer can make people forget about their daily lives .
    New ways of presenting character and experience. Character is described as seen by other people. Impressionism in the description .
    Conrad’s literary output - author suspects skepticism of the human condition.
    Lord Jim“-Jim (his surname is never disclosed), a young British seaman, becomes first mate on the Patna, a ship full of pilgrims travelling to Mecca for the hajj. Jim joins his captain and other crew members in abandoning the ship and its passengers . A few days later , they are picked up by a British ship. However , the Patna and its passengers are later also saved, and the reprehensible actions of the crew are exposed. The other participants evade the judicial court of inquiry , leaving Jim to the court alone. The court strips him of his navigation command certificate for his dereliction of duty. Jim is angry with himself , both for his moment of weakness, and for missing an opportunity to be a 'hero'.
    At the trial , he meets Marlow, a sea captain, who in spite of his initial misgivings over what he sees as Jim's moral unsoundness, comes to befriend him, for he is "one of us". Marlow later finds Jim work as a ship chandler's clerk. Jim tries to remain incognito, but whenever the opprobrium of the Patna incident catches up with him, he abandons his place and moves further east .
    Nostromo ( 1904 )- Nostromo is set in the South American country of Costaguana (a fictional nation, though its geography as described in the book closely matches real -life Colombia). Costaguana has a long history of tyranny, revolution and warfare , but has recently experienced a period of stability under the dictator Ribiera.
    Charles Gould is a native Costaguanero of English descent who owns an important silver -mining concession near the key port of Sulaco. He is tired of the political instability in Costaguana and its concomitant corruption, and uses his wealth to support Ribiera's government , which he believes will finally bring stability to the country after years of misrule and tyranny by self-serving dictators. Instead, Gould's refurbished silver mine and the wealth it has generated inspires a new round of revolutions and self-proclaimed warlords, plunging Costaguana into chaos. Among others , the revolutionary Montero invades Sulaco; Gould, adamant that his silver should not become spoil for his enemies, orders Nostromo, the trusted "capataz de los cargadores" (head longshoreman) of Sulaco, to hide it on an offshore island .
    Heart of darkness“-1902. Conrad’s landmark. Novel is highly symbolic. The main events render by Marlow, happened in Congo, the river has the same name, is described as serpentine river (piblical illusion ), bears some evil in himself, in the same way like paradise. Congo-one of the darkest places on earth. ( Africa - dark continent )
    Story: white European Charles Marlowe is in charge of a ferry boat on Congo, meets Kurtz, who is trading ivory, very expensive, made illegal in some countries for now, keeps the local in fear . Later on he dies and Marlow returns to tell the story.
    Critique in colonialism: On one level, then, Heart of Darkness is a scathing critique of colonialism.  It takes place at a time when there were mere hints that colonialism was not working as it should. It was a time that appeared on the surface perhaps to be the height of Empire, a time to be bullish about colonialism in Africa.
    Kurtz as Nietzschean Superman- Kurtz is another strong person , that uses the Negroes because they are weaker than him - in fact he is considered like a god by them for his nature - and that loves this country for the same reason as Marlow and also because he can be seen like a god and live far from the stupid morals of his rich European world. Nietzsche believes that the true strength of man is unique and not of everybody : Marlow and Kurtz have this uniqueness. The hero that Nietzsche considers is the law of himself: he does not have to be limited by the consideration for the other people, and by stupid laws and rules . So, the true Nietzsche's hero can be very similar to Kurtz.
    Darkness of human heart: Frame story: Marlowe taken on board by 5 boatmen on the Thames awaiting tide, story, tide missed, darkness ahead, darkness in between , London: another dark place on earth. Brits to ancient romans what Africans to 20th century. Civilization versus barbarism: which is which?
    Different levels of darkness: of Congo wilderness, of European exploitation of natives, of general human nature-inherent evil. Outside social control(superego). Man is capable of committing heinous (jälk ) actions.
    Civilization vs barbarism: which is which? The treatment of the natives at the Company's station increases the barbarity of the "civilized" whites. First Marlowe sees a chain gang of several natives who seem starved and nearly worked to death. As they pass by, they seem to have the blank stare of death, unconscious to Marlowe's presence even though they pass within six inches of him. Again in the grove of death, Marlowe sees the effect of the civilizing light of Europe upon the natives. "They were dying slowly . . . nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation . . . lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest " (82). Marlowe implies in this passage that the natives were abused, used relentlessly for labor until they were spent , at which point they were "allowed" by the civilized whites to crawl into the grove of death to die. Truly a barbaric and dehumanizing view, using the natives only for their labor power , with no concern for their health or even their existence.
  • James Joyce as a master of European Modernism. Joyce’s background. Joyce and Ireland . A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Stephen ’s and Joyce’s spiritual searchings. Portrait as a modernist Bildungsroman. Revolution in style and composition .
    James Joyce as a master of European Modernism. Self-consciously modernist-new ways to express, quite difficult to read. Himself encouraged diversity of opinions concerning his art. „ Ulysses will give universities something to work on well into the next century“.
    Joyce’s background. Ireland, till 1904. Education was standard, middle class . He had quite prestigious start on education, Jesuit university college, Dublin . Ended up in rebellion. Against inhibiting(keelama) forces of family, church, school. Moved to the continent, Paris , Ulysses-Zürich and Paris.
    Joyce and Ireland. „Cultic twalette“, left in 1904, couldn’t help returning in every page he composed, short story collection Dubliners, Ulysses-guidebook through Dublin.
    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Largely autobiographical, Joyce’s own spiritual searches. Growing up in Ireland at the turn of the century, the formation of an artist. Künstlerroman (A Künstlerroman meaning "artist's novel" in German , is a narrative about an artist's growth to maturity), but with an Irish specificity. Bildungsroman( coming -of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood), but in the modernist style.
    Stephen’s and Joyce’s spiritual searchings. Family-a microcosm of Irish life (Christmas dinner ), Jesuit college (sin &death sermon), doubts, rebellion, loss of faith. Love. Discovery of artistic talent, participation in national awakening movement . Rejection of Irish life, leaving the country. Visit to brothel: tormenting doubts, emptiness.
    Portrait as a modernist Bildungsroman. Bildungsroman is a “phantom formation,” a mere construct of aesthetic ideology.
    Revolution in style and composition. Breaks chronology ,selects most characteristic(tüüpiline, ebaharilik) moments, instrumental in the development of the protagonist’s(peategelane) consciousness.
  • James Joyce’s Ulysses. Life as a whole with its fundamental laws. Structure, composition, language and style of Ulysses. The use of myth. The characters : Stephen, Bloom , Molly an d their mythological counterparts. Joyce’s stream of consciousness: a means of characterisation and rendering life as a whole. The three characters’ stream of consciousness.
    James Joyce’s Ulysses. Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, 16 June 1904 (the day of Joyce's first date with his future wife , Nora Barnacle).[4] The title alludes to Odysseus (Latinized into Ulysses), the hero of Homer 's Odyssey, and establishes a series of parallels between characters and events in Homer's poem and Joyce's novel (e.g., the correspondence of Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope , and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday.
    Life as a whole with its fundamental laws. Depictioning (kirjeldama piltides ) „the here and now“, LIFE. Cf Virginia Woolf, broad panorama of Irish reality, fundamental questions of life and death , does it through individual consciousness, all history in the happenings of one day.
    Structure, composition, language and style of Ulysses.
    Structure: depends on myth. 3 parts, Telemachus, the adventures of Odysseus, the return , Penelope (last chapter )
    The use of myth. Structure: the myth of odysseus->ulysses. Philosophical level, structural level, action level, Giovanni Battista Vico. History of the world, the age of gods , the age of heroes, the age of me, the cycle begins again. A complete man, a modern hero.
    The characters: Stephen, Bloom, Molly an d their mythological counterparts.
    Stephen-young, refined (peen), sensitive, cultivated, arrogant. Disappointed, a hamlet figure , returns to Ireland upon the dying wish of his mother . A sense of guilt. Earns by teaching-hates. History is a nightmare which I am trying to awake. Walks on the beach and meditates. A different kinds of stream of consciousness.
    Telemachus— figure in Greek mythology , the son of Odysseus and Penelope, and a central character in Homer's Odyssey. The first four books in particular focus on Telemachus' journeys in search of news about his father , who has been away at war.
    Molly bloom, 33. Joyce image of femaleness. Earth- goddess . Knows what it is like „to be a woman and a mother“, frank ( otsekohene ) (at least with herself ) about sensuality, fantasies, love affairs, affirmation of life, 39 pages long soliloquy ( device often used in drama whereby a character speaks to himself or herself, relating his or her thoughts and feelings , thereby also sharing them with the audience .)
    Penelope-faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors at bay in his long absence and is eventually reunited with him.Her name has traditionally been associated with marital faithfulness,[1] and so it was with the Greeks and Romans, but so me recent feminist readings offer a more ambiguous interpretation .[2]
    Leopold bloom: Dublin Jew, 38, wife unfaithful, son dead, daughter in college, intimate details in his life. The adventures of odyssey: brings his wife breakfast to bed, goes to butchery to buy kidneys, goes to lavatory(wc), attends a funeral, students common room in medical college, evolution and birth of language.
    Odysseys- Odysseus’ name means “trouble” in Greek, referring to both the giving and receiving of trouble—as is often the case in his wanderings.
    Joyce’s stream of consciousness: a means of characterisation and rendering life as a whole. The three characters’ stream of consciousness.
  • DH Lawrence : man and writer. Lawrence’s aesthetic: ‘art for my sake’. Why the Novel Matters. Criticism of modern civilization. The influence of Freudian theory. Instinctive man vs. spiritual woman. Lawrence’s women . Sons and Lovers. Oedipus complex and the formation of the artist.
    DH Lawrence: man and writer. Lawrence: no stylistic experiments, beautiful and carefully planned prose , a self-free from historical, social and moral ties. Reflects the mood of his generation, but in a different way.
    Lawrence’s aesthetic:
    • Rejection of civilization- dirty industry, spreading towns
    • Rejection of middle-class education, „ polite society“
    • Rejection of „emptiness“ of the mind
    • A trust in feeling above intellect
    • A dream of reviving „the aristocracy of the spirit
    • Not „art for art’s sake“
    • But „art for MY sake“
    Why the Novel Matters. The novel-Definition: a prose narrative of considerable length, the novel deals with a human character in a social situation, man as a social being. Plot, character development and an illusion of reality. Lawrence: the scope and the degree of truth . Prose or verse, society or no society. The truth about man, man as a whole.
    Criticism of modern civilization
    • Education of reason-disregard of feelings
    • Modern man is ignorant of feelings: the body , the inner truth
    • Modern social animal suppressed by machinery, ignorant of one’s natural instincts:
    • Unhappy , empty, frustrated, sterile: no harmony between men and women
    • Ts: portrays the situation
    • Lawrence: seeks alternatives
    Freudian influence:
    • Interest in the unconscious.
    • Various complexes (Oedipus complex)
    • workings of primary emotions
    • Sufferings brought upon the lovers: by cruel social lac. Their own behaviours, inner restrictions they imporse on themselves, conflicting will of the lover , love and hatred go hand in hand
    • Sex-important theme
    • I want men and women to thig sex, fully, completely, honestly, and cleanly

    Instinctive man vs. spiritual woman. Lawrence’s women. Lawrence’s contradictions: frankness, conflict, disharmony, destruction of manhood, possessiveness of a woman in love. Fascination of a well-born, intelligent woman for a physical , passionately laboring man. Lawrence’s personal experiences found peegeldust in his novels. Spiritual, possessive girlfriend. Unsettled life: poor health, stormy relationship with Frieda, German wife of old professor , enlightened him on some ideas of Freud
    Sons and Lovers. Oedipus complex and the formation of the artist.
    Largely autobiographical-with claims to universiality. Study of a man having an Oedipus complex. The tragedy of thousand of young men in England .Modernist /freudian .Bildung: not so much in intellectual/aesthetic/social growth: in trying to fitgh the ond of mother’s love. Love of possessive woman. Over one’s individual freedom . Casting away of background, birthplace, ties.
  • TS Eliot ’s poetry. Objective correlative. The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock . Paralysis , anxiety , fragmentation as typical features of the modern world and human condition (The Waste Land, The Hollow Men)
    TS Eliot’s poetry : brushed 19th c aside. Standard: 17th c metaphysical poets . Poetry: more subtle, suggestive, precise. Modernist innovation: reproducing sharp contradictions. Fast tempo of modern life. Considerable difficulty to the reader: vast number of allusions. Compressing ideas, saving space . Language of different layers of society: conversation , free verse. Foreign language: erudition, modern world: unhomogeneous, legacy of Babel Tower, impaired communication
    Objective correlative: The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words , a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given , the emotion is immediately evoked. An objective correlative is a literary term referring to a symbolic article used to provide explicit(sõnaselge), rather than implicit(kaudne, varjatud), access to such traditionally inexplicable concepts as emotion or colour.
    The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock. Described as a "drama of literary anguish," it presents a stream of consciousness in the form of a dramatic monologue , and marked the beginning of Eliot's career as an influential poet . With its weariness, regret, embarrassment, longing, emasculation, sexual frustration, sense of decay , and awareness of mortality, Prufrock has become one of the most recognized voices in modern literature.
    fragmentation as typical features of the modern world and human condition (The Waste Land, The Hollow Men)
  • Virginia Woolf: an innovative writer and a feminist classic . A troubled life on the verge of madness. Bloomsbury group. Woolf’s modernist aesthetic. Peculiarities of Woolf’s stream of consciousness. Joyce’s and Woolf’s stream of consciousness. The problem of time, change, and memory for human personality. Mrs. Dalloway . Identity and survival . Septimus Smith as Clarissa’s ‘dark double
    Virginia Woolf: an innovative writer and a feminist classic. One of the greatest, most innovative writers of her age. Formed by the ideas and aesthetics of Bloomsbury group. Basis for her political and social convictions . Feminist perspectives emerged as she wrote. Both subtle and radical. Influenced by contemporary painting, strong visual quality of essays and novels. A contemporary addressing her audience. A vivid conversation with the past. A feminist classic: for 30 years after her death-an aesthete. 1970s-rediscovered. The Feminist movement gives her new scrutiny-flexibility of her feminist position. A Room of One’s Own.
    A troubled life on the verge of madness. Creative voice on the verge of madness: emotionally unstable, never making a slightest attempt to hide it. ’madness’ as a part of creative process. Any writer is ’mad’ to a degree=wouldn’t submit to the established conventions of sanity. The role of the unconscious-part of the Modernist programme -in order to have one’s voice heard, one has to scream
    A troubled life: born at a wrong time-no university education. Right place-a family of intellectuals. Intellectual atmosphere. Large family, inner contradictions. Early psychological trauma , harassment by half –brother.
    Bloomsberries-lively evening gatherings, convestations sparkled, discussed their own writing and other writing, painting, love and politics . Challenged strict victorian norms: sexual freedom, bisexual relations . Woolf’s suicide : anxities, tensions underneath, liveliness of Bloomsury group.
    Peculiarities of Woolf’s stream of consciousness.Stream of consciousness with carefully modulated poetic flow- moving between action and contemplation(mõtisklus, vaatlus ) between retrospect and anticipation. Problems of personal identity. Personal relationships. Problem of time, change, memory of human personality. Not going erseveringly, conscientiously, constructing out three and twenty chapters. Finding one’s voice=speaking in tongues. Of hearing voices. Someone or something is speaking through her.
    Joyce’s and Woolf’s stream of consciousness. Mrs Dalloway. 1 day in the life of a woman. ’how dangerous it is to live for one day’. Cf. Ulysses. 1 day in the life of London. Topographical and historical accurancy-20 June 1923. 1decisive day in the life of many people. Not everyone survives it.
    Departs from the Victorian tradition of novel-writing: includes only what is necessary, The Hours -working title, ’Time of the clock ’ vs ’Time of the mind’, Big Ben- symbol of time, connections between characters-through common experiencee, through dialouge of mind and mind.
    Problem of time, change, memory of human personalty. Not going erseveringly, conscientiously, constructing out three and twenty chapters. Finding one’s voice=speaking in tongues. Of hearing voices. Someone or something is speaking through her.
    Clarissa Dalloway. Beginning-clarissa opens a window -a birght morning in June. 52 y old upper -class London housewife. Preparing a party. Goes to buy flowers-walks through the streets of London. Different people participate in the same experience- waiting for the queen to pass in a motor -car, airpane writing on the sky, beautiful flowers in the park. Different reactions.
    Somebody has to die for the others to feel the importance of living. Great courage to plunge into life or death. To ’assemble’-after calamities of life, after disintegration of war
    Septimus Smith. Clarissa’s intended ’double’. Clarissa-light and happiness . Septimus-dark, shell shocked, war-smitten. Airplane writing for people in park-wonder. For septimus-horror. Reminds of the sound of explosion. Loss of friend Evans .
    Septimus’ role in the book. To show what it is like to be unable to find stability in familiar circumstances. Sees no point in living in the Britain he had fought for. „And not yet i am now alive , but let me rest still .“
    Clarissa and Septimus: Mrs Dalloway-her sense of personal identityt, her past, Peter and Sally , now-Mrs. Dalloway, always Mrs. Dalloway. Compromisin her soul , dr william Bradshaw, psychiatrist, Septimus-afraid doctors will take his soul, throws himself out of the window, would not compromise his soul, siw wiliam comes to clarissa’s party, society full of dangerous peple like sir wiliams.
  • English Literature of the 1930s -1950s. Aggravating political and economic situation in the 1930s-1940s. A turn in the mood, aesthetic programme, moral convictions and public taste. The Golden Age of crime fiction. The literature of ‘ fair play’. Graham Greene. Realism and Existentialism .
    English Literature of the 1930s-1950s. Reception theory. Only the process of reading generates a meaning for a text. Reading connects reader and the text. A good degree of inderterminacy and gaps to make the connection possible. Gaps-places in a text- require reader’s imagination, thinking ability. Allusions, symbols, metaphors, digression, rhetorical question, open endings. Balance is the key. Too many gaps in Modernist texts. Fiction as a way of finding order in chaotic world.
    Aggravating political and economic situation. A reflection of the general condition in Europe and America. 1929- stock market crash. 1930’s-great depression. Mass unemployment in Britain, nazism in germany , fascism in italy , terror in stalinist russia. Fear of both fascism and stalinism .
    A turn in the mood, aesthetic programme, moral convictions and public taste.
    The Golden Age of the detective story. 1920 Agatha Christie ’s first novel (out of 80). The Mysterious Affair of Styles. Belgian private detective Hercule Poirot. 1926-1939-most famous crime stories . Crime wave after WWI. A renewed interest in crime fiction. A general tiredness with high intellectual demands of high modernism.
    Quest for ’fair play’. Detective story-traditional, one dimensional, rules that imply ’fair play’. A general tendency of returning to realism, rules, structure. ’fair play’ dominates the iction of 1930s-1950s.
    Graham Greene (1904-1991). Journalist, wide travel. ’I have to travel because i have to see the scene “. 50 books recording the scenes. Own fictional world-greeneland. Dark, wretched, squalid. A world of failures-professional, social, marital. Criminals or about to commit a crime. Murder, betrayal, theft, death. Nb! Characters are forced to these by circumstances. Men lost in despair.
    Existentsialism-general problem of existence. Always a subject of literature. Entered the realm of philosophy. A merging of philosophy and literature. Albert camus , jean paul sartre -ideas through fiction. Iris Murdoch -philosopher by education. Purpose of novel: to analyse ideas. Aritficial fictional world. Characters-express ideas. Parable, allegory, fable.
    Existentsialist-born lonely. Loneliness , impossibility of communication even in most intimate moments. Tragedy of lovers, friends . Murdoch: we cast a verbal net over the other. We all speak a different language. Antonioni „ eclipse “.
    Realism in the visual arts and literature refers to the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective reality, without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, empirical rules.
  • Post WWII English Literature. The age of Fear. The philosophical novel. Existentialism. Loneliness, impossibility of communication. Existence vs. being.
    Post WWII English Literature.
    Two tendencies in post WWII fiction.
    1.The angry young men. John wain, kingley amis. John osborn „ look back in anger “.
    • The working class novel. Alan sillitoe, david storey . John braine „room at the top“.
    • Red- brick university education, intellectuality advanced , socially mobile ; wasted time in the war-all rooms at the top taken-anger.
    2.The philosophical novel. Existentsialism. Wiliam golding and iris murdoch.
    Fear-economic difficulties-aid from usa.intrusion of American lifestyle and mass-culture. Consumer society. Former values substituted by material values. Helplessness in the fae of the bomb . No longer possible to defend oneself, one’s family. Iron curtain . Europe cut in two, automically weaponed superpowers in control, impossible to decide the destiny of one’s county . Doom, pessimism.
    The philosophical novel. Existentsialism. Wiliam golding and iris murdoch.
    Existentsialsm-general problem of existence. Always a subject of literature. Entered the realm of philosophy. A merging of philosophy and literature. Albert camus, jean paul sartre-ideas through fiction. Iris murdoch-philosopher by education. Purpose of novel: to analyse ideas. Aritficial fictional world. Characters-express ideas. Parable, allegory, fable.
    Loneliness, impossibility of communication. The tragedy of existence. The total loneliness of man moving about the illarranged world that cannot be understoor. No god no principles. Man has to be his own legislator. Romantic hero.-cast out of society, does not accept it. Existentsialist-born lonely. Loneliness, impossibility of communication even in most intimate moments. Tragedy of lovers, friends. Murdoch: we cast a verbal net over the other. We all speak a different language. Antonioni „eclipse“.
    Ex-sistere: existence vs being (da sein). Jaspers: we’re thrown into the world without being asked. Mud, no purpose-nausea(sartre). Angst -fear, despair, anxiety, realisation of purposelessness. To exist=to stand out from the ’mud’. To live with the full awareness of oneself. Ability to take responsibility for one’s action.
  • William Golding’s view of human nature. Darkness Visible. Lord of the Flies . A parable of man outside civilization.
    William Golding’s view of human nature. After WWII came to realize ’what people were capable of’. Man is evil by nature. Roots of evil in man himself. Nobel prize 1983.
    Darkness visible 1979. Milton. Paradise lost. A sea of fire that gives no light, but rather makes darkness visible. Golding: investigation of nature of good and evil. Images of fire, mutilation, pain. Beginning: small child ’horribly burned. Horribly disfigured’. Walking out of flames of London Blitz, building a burning bush, two pillars of lighted smoke , child: born from the sheer agony of a burning city.
    The novel narrates a struggle between good and evil, using naïveté, sexuality and spirituality throughout .
    A dark and complex novel, it centres on Matty - introduced in chapter one as a naked child emerging horribly disfigured from a bomb explosion during the London Blitz in World War II. He becomes a ward of the state and is put into a Catholic boarding school, where he is shunned by the other children and sexually abused by one of his teachers, Mr. Pedigree. When he grows up, however, his selfless kindness and mysterious persona attract a devoted following of people who believe him to be a saint.
    The second part of the book is centered on two twins, Toni and Sophy, from the point of view of Sophy. Their story starts from their childhood, when they are around 10 years old, and follows their growth as they become young adults.
    The recurring theme in these two stories is madness, Matty being split between his two faces, and Sophy being schizoid as she is split between her and her sister .
    Lord of the Flies Boys in LF: ralph , jack and „piggy“. Plane crush,no adults.
    A parable of man outside civilization. In the beginning: attempts to maintain civilization:
    Establish a orderly society. Hope to be rescued and return to their civilization. Elect a leader . Begin to build shelters. Set fire on top of the mountain . Meetings to discuss problems. Sonch-trumpet to summon boys. Symbol of the right to speak, symbol of civilization.
    Savages able to kill an animal and a human being. Jack-natural leader. Vs ralph, elected, democratic leader, conflict escalates. ’ beast ’-a myth to keep bos in fear and obedience. Simon: what i mean is ..maybe it’s only us. Innate human evil exists! Beast-not an external force. But a compotent of human nature.
  • The 1960s as a new era in science, technology , politics, and society. Victories and losses . New spirit and aesthetic. Liberation world-wide. New Consciousness: mass culture, counter-culture, cult of personality. ‘The swinging Sixties ’ and ‘the sagging Seventies’.
    Art. Carl Andre equivalent VIII 1966. Exhibited at Tate gallery, London. Public anger: what’s the point, is it art or just a pile of bricks , why is it displayed in a museum ? Point-to fill the vacuum of interest. Art-made such by the institution of the museum. Postmodernism : not what is depicted/published/displayed/interpreted but why it is interpreted.
    Politics. J F Kennedy -elected president 1960, assassinated 1963, the youngest president, Irish catholic. Changed the whole climate of world politics. Cold war intensified(tugevnema)
    Science. Earth rising: apollo8 mission in December 1968, seven months before the first lunar landing. Endless further visions and possibilities. Totally new horizons. Original NASA photograph: earth: small, fragile, just behind the corner , example of visual manipulation. First man in space circled the earth. First man on the moon 1969. Earth too small-US/USSR fighting for space.
    Society. Attacks on authoritan government-against De Gaulle ’s regime in Paris, re-election in June. May 1968 Student revolts, troubles in many student campuses. Appearance of radical youth-students and intellectuals.Growing tension- Berlin wall -symbol of prison . Castro power in Cuba. Cuban missile crisis (Krushchec). Rising nuclear threat .
    Victories and losses. On a larger scale : opportunity to shake up the „old society“ in many social aspects incl . Methods of education: personal, political freedom, sexual freedom, free love
    Liberation world-wide Liberation world-wide: fall of colonial regime in many counties, India, South-Africa. Students opposind the war in Vietnam . Pacifism, shift from conservatism to liberalism and back. Accessible education, women’s lib-important political right. Technological advances. Tv, computers, world opening, communicaion, connections
    New Consciousness: mass culture, counter-culture, cult of personality.
    New-consciousness: revolution not on poverty but on affluence-not primitive layers fighting for basic needs but intellectuals struggling for inner freedom.
    Counter-culture, rejection of conventions(tava), swinging sixties, sagging(kokkuvajunud) seventies.
    Mass culture, cult of personality: the celebrated figures of our time are not men of valour and women of virtue but those significantly called ’beautiful people’. Not imitation of christ but imitation of cosmetics of Princess Diana and Angelina Jolie. Not lives of saints but biographies of stars. Success stories of millionaires.
    The swinging Sixties’ and ‘the sagging Seventies’.
  • The politics and poetics of Postmodernism. Resistance to interpretations. Play with language, genre, character, ‘the true’ and ‘the real’. The role of media and ideology. Differences between post-war and postmodern fiction; postmodernism and modernism.
    The politics and poetics of Postmodernism Lyotard ’The postmodern condition’, Ihab Hassan, Susan Sontag, deliberatley less unified, less obviously masterful, more playful and anarchic, more concerned with the process of unerstanding than pleasures of artistic finish/ unity , less inclined to hold a narrative together, more resistant to a certain interpretation
    The role of media and ideology. Humanist book-culture—technological stimulation of consciousness.
    Post war vs postmodern
    • Ethical, individualist existentialism, humanism vs skeptical, anti humanist attitudes
    • Realism vs anti-realism, deconstructivism, poststructuralist theory
    • Philosophico-emotional states of angst and absurdity vs coled, contradiciton-filled attitude
    • Mimetic engagements of traditionally narrated novel vs anti-narrative method
    • Coheret narrative suspense interest vs play of authorial language
    Postmodernism vs modernism
    • Modernism: enjoyable artistic embodiment, formal sophistication, art for the elite
    • Postmodernism interpretataive implications, play, not elitist-do not favour humour

  • Anthony Burgess. A Clockwork Orange as a satiric dystopia. The philosophy of free choice . Burgess’s linguistic experiments.
    Anthony Burgess „a clockwork orange“.Plot: futuristic super -state: authoritan government, manipulates citizens, passive complacency. By way of opposition: a group of teenagers : taking drugs, involved in violence , robbery, rape , prison, further violence
    Satiric dystopia: dystopia, negative utopia . UTOPIA-nowhere(t. More). Ideal society. Dystopia-bad, ill place. A futuristic society, usually authoritarian, disguised as utopia. A book warning society that if we continue to live how we do, this will be the consequence
    The philosophy of free choice. Burgess: „the freedom to choice is the bug human attribute“. The biggest question of the novel. Good vs bad-metaphor, protest (cf. Student revolts), not absolute ethical problem (cf. Golding), the worst thing-deprivation of CHOICE
    Burgess’s linguistic experiments. a sense of gross, ridiculous, unbidden and embarrassing sources and origins of art+polyglot fascination with language.
  • Women’s Liberation Movement and the Literature of Feminism . Second-Wave Feminism. Political and social campaigns and victories. Revolution in culture and language. Hélène Cixous and l’écriture feminine. Sex vs. Gender (S. de Beauvoir , J. Butler ). Genres and characteristics of feminist literature.
    The Women's Liberation Movement was a political movement, born in the 1960s from Second-Wave Feminism.
    It generated mythology almost before it was born such as bra burning - and it was a matter of deep concern to those within it at the time that its history would be rewritten by those who weren't in it. One important reality was that it is more sensibly seen as a movement of the 1970s and 1980s, not the 1960s, despite often being described as a 1960s phenomenon . The term 'women's liberation' was coined in the early 1960s, when the word liberation was becoming popular , but (for example) the first Women's Liberation Conference in Britain took place in 1969, at Ruskin College, and its major publications such as Spare Rib and off our backs not founded until 1970 and beyond .
    Literature of Feminism Feminism has gradually become more far-ranging and subtle in its attacks on male -dominated society. Many injustices still need to be corrected, but equally necessary is a more down-to-earth, tolerant and compassionate view of fellow human beings.
    Critics, being generally male, had not generally concerned themselves with gender issues . Most of the world's great literature had been written by men. Sappho , Austen, the Brontës and Emily Dickinson apart, it was difficult to think women really had it in them to write at the highest level. Literature was literature, and critics saw no need to distinguish a specifically feminine way of writing or responding to a text.
    Virginia Woolf was herself a refutation of that thesis, though her mental breakdown was perhaps brought on by the strain of balancing male self-realization with female abnegation. But in her essay Professions for Women, Woolf complained only that women's social obligations hindered a writing career. Their lives gave them a different perspective, but women were not fundamentally different from men in their psychological needs and outlooks.
    The gathering feminist movement very much disagreed, and argued that women's writing expressed a distinctive female consciousness, which was more discursive and conjunctive than its male counterpart. Such consciousness was radically different, and had been adversely treated. Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex documented the ways "Legislators, priests, philosophers, writers and scientists have striven to show that the subordinate position of women is willed in heaven and advantageous on earth." Women had been made to feel that they were inferior by nature and, though men paid lip- service to equality , they would resist its implementation. Some men might be sympathetic to women's issues, but only women themselves knew what they felt and wanted .
    Nonetheless, by the early eighties, feminists had advanced to a much more confrontational attack on male hegemony, advocating a complete overthrow of the biased (male) canon of literature. French feminists argued that women should write with a greater consciousness of their bodies, which would create a more honest and appropriate style of openness, fragmentation and non-linearity. Parallel studies in the visual arts stressed a feminine sensibility of soft fluid colours, an emphasis on the personal and decorative, and on forms that evoked the female genitalia.
    Five years later the debate had moved on, from exclusively feminine concerns to the wider issues of gender in social and cultural contexts. Patriarchy and capitalism should be examined more closely, perhaps as Althusser had attempted, and sophisticated models built to integrate the larger web of economics , education, division of labour , biological constraints and cultural assumptions.
    Literature will often reflect the cultural assumptions and attitudes of its period, and that of course includes attitudes towards women: their status, their roles, their expectations. But a literature doctored of male-orientated views would be failing in its first requirement, to present a realistic or convincing picture of the world. Moralizing, which includes political correctness, has its dangers.
    Feminists have argued for positive discrimination as the only way to correct centuries of bias . Nonetheless, the consensus emerging among black Americans is that positive discrimination is counter-productive. Disadvantaged minorities desperately need the odds levelled, but not patronizingly tilted in their favour.
    Psychoanalysis has little scientific standing, and Lacanian theory is further disputed within the psychoanalytical community itself. Feminism does itself few favours by relying on these supports.
    A more damaging criticism is the concept of the feminine itself. Does it really exist? There are very real differences in the psychological make-up between the sexes, but testing also indicates what anthropologists have long accepted: the expression of those differences is more determined by cultural factors than sexuality per se. Feminists who argue for a more understanding, fluid, and delicate attitude are not so much advocating qualities native to women but for attitudes still repressed by society. That in turn suggests society itself needs exploring rather than sex differences per se, which is indeed a view more recognized in contemporary feminist studies.
    Second Wave Feminism, also called The Feminist Movement, or the Women's Liberation Movement, is a period of feminist activity in the United States which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1990s .[1]
    Whereas first-wave feminism focused mainly on overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (i.e. voting rights , property rights), second-wave feminism broadened the debate to a wide range of issues: sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.[2] Second Wave Feminism radically changed the face of western culture, leading to marital rape laws, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, significant changes in custody and divorce law, and widespread integration of women into sports activities and the workplace. It also tried and failed to add the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution.
    Many feminists view the second-wave feminist era as ending with the intra -feminism disputes of the Feminist Sex Wars over issues such as sexuality and pornography, which ushered in the era of third-wave feminism.
    Hélène Cixous is a professor, French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher, literary critic and rhetorician
    S. de Beauvoir ‘Second Sex’ to describe women because she believes them to be an oppressed and marginalized group dominated in every aspect of society.
  • Angela Carter . The evolution of the writer’s career 1960s-1990s: from radicalism to magic realist metafiction. Femininity as a constructed notion in A. Carter’s short stories, novels and non-fiction. New Woman changing old rules in Nights at the Circus and The Loves of Lady Purple .
    Angela Carter (7 May 1940 – 16 February 1992) was an English novelist and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works .
    Born Angela Olive Stalker in Eastbourne, in 1940, Carter was evacuated as a child to live in Yorkshire with her maternal grandmother. As a teenager she battled anorexia. After attending Streatham & Clapham High School, in south London, she began work as a journalist on the Croydon Advertiser, following in the footsteps of her father. Carter attended the University of Bristol where she studied English literature.
    She married twice, first in 1960 to Paul Carter. They separated in 1970. In 1969 Angela Carter used the proceeds of her Somerset Maugham Award to leave her husband and relocate for two years to Tokyo, Japan , where she claims in Nothing Sacred (1982) that she "learnt what it is to be a woman and became radicalised." She wrote about her experiences there in articles for New Society and a collection of short stories, Fireworks: Nine Profane Pieces (1974), and evidence of her experiences in Japan can also be seen in The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972). She then explored the United States, Asia and Europe, helped by her fluency in French and German. She spent much of the late 1970s and 1980s as a writer in residence at universities, including the University of Sheffield, Brown University, the University of Adelaide, and the University of East Anglia. In 1977 Carter married Mark Pearce, with whom she had one son. In 1979 both The Bloody Chamber, and her influential essay The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography appeared. In the essay, according to the writer Marina Warner, Carter "deconstructs the arguments that underly The Bloody Chamber. Its about desire and its destruction, the self-immolation of women, how women collude and connive with their condition of enslavement. She was much more independent-minded than the traditonal feminist of her time. " [2]
    As well as being a prolific writer of fiction, Carter contributed many articles to The Guardian, The Independent and New Statesman, collected in Shaking a Leg. She adapted a number of her short stories for radio and wrote two original radio dramas on Richard Dadd and Ronald Firbank. Two of her fictions have been adapted for the silver screen: The Company of Wolves (1984) and The Magic Toyshop (1987). She was actively involved in both film adaptations, her screenplays are published in the collected dramatic writings, The Curious Room, together with her radio scripts, a libretto for an opera of Virginia Woolf's Orlando, an unproduced screenplay entitled The Christchurch Murders ( based on the same true story as Peter Jackson 's Heavenly Creatures) and other works. These neglected works, as well as her controversial television documentary , The Holy Family Album, are discussed in Charlotte Crofts' book, Anagrams of Desire (2003). Her novel Nights at the Circus won the 1984 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature.
    At the time of her death, Carter had started work on a sequel to Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre based on the later life of Jane's stepdaughter, Adèle Varens; only a synopsis survives.[3]
    Angela Carter died aged 51 in 1992 at her home in London after developing lung cancer.
  • Magic realism: characteristic features and philosophical meaning. Play with time and reality. Plurality of worlds and truths. The ‘real’ and its representations (examples from A. Carter).
    Magic realism: characteristic features and philosophical meaning. Characters endowed by additional powers-telepathy, levitation, flight , telekinsesis, feeling pain decades before it actually occurs. To encompass the often phantasmagoric political realities of the 20th century.
    Magic realism taps into emotional reserevoirs within all of us. It tricks us by hiding unexpected or suggestive content in what at first might seem to be ...plurality of worlds and truth.
    PM play with the time: „badly wrong“ from whom point of view? Stress on ’the wrong’, ’the unreal ’-a postmodern challenge to the existing certainity about ’the real’ Linda Hutcheon : we are hardly likeli to kow the ’real’ expect through representations
    The ‘real’ and its representations (examples from A. Carter).
  • Historiographic Metafiction. Linda Hutcheon. History as a collection of representations. Historiographic Metafiction and Magic realism in the writings of Salman Rushdie . Postcolonial situation and Postcolonial trauma.
    Historiographic metafiction is a term originally coined by literary theorist Linda Hutcheon. According to Hutcheon, in "A Poetics of Postmodernism", works of historiographic metafiction are "those well-known and popular novels which are both intensely self-reflexive and yet paradoxically also lay claim to historical events and personages". Historiographic metafiction is a quintessentially postmodern art form, with a reliance upon textual play, parody and historical re-conceptualization.
    Hutcheon: there is no truth or falseness per se, there’re only other people’s truth
    History as a collection of representations. History vs story. History is a human construct. Can we know the past today except through representations? Can we know the truth?
  • Historiographic Metafiction and Magic realism in the writings of Salman Rushdie.HM: big events from point of view of small individual. Goes back to the beginnning of his story, well before his birth, 1915. Exact events, dates , places, famous people (Indira Gandi).HM combines history and the presend, creates a distance . Magical elements : challenge reliability of history, existence of reality
    Postcolonial situation and Postcolonial trauma.
    Postcolonial situation
    • People have been colonized: politically, socially, economically, culturally
    • Develop imaginative and linguistic forms of articulating that exploitation
    • To gain a more incisive historical grasp of their situation
    • Woman and marginalized ethnic groups
    • Silent, their speech is ignored
    • Enchanched meaning through literary representation- empowerment
    • Courage to act on shaed, collective experiences
    Postcolonial trauma
    • Disability
    • Metaphor for devastating effect of colonialism of the psyches of the colonized
    • ’The nightmare of history’:
    • Nightmare-product of both warped post-colonial national identities, And the traumatic processes of colonialism, traumatic experiences and events, holocaust

  • D M Thomas ’s view of history as myth. Postmodern play, metafiction, magic realism, intertextuality and plagiarism (or pastiche !) in The White Hotel .
    D M Thomas’s view of history as myth. Documantery material in fictional form-transcendence. Lisa in ’heaven’=our world. We have to go on after myths and people have died
    Intertextuality.Anatoly Kuznetsov. Baby Yar (censured 1966 USSR, 1970 NY)
    • A documentary novel in Russian
    • Smuggled by author to the West in 1969
    • Ravine near Kiev , Ukraine
    Pastiche: (often parodic) imitation of other (non-fictional) genres of media in a work of fiction. To challenge generic boundaries. To attarct attention to the act of writing. To suggest that everything is language, representations and verbal constructs: ad, essay, scientific treaty , case-study, article of law, exam paper, encyclopaedia entry
  • English Literature at the Millennium . 1990-2010: diversity of writers and social responses. Major historical events and their influence on cultural climate. Responses of different ethnic groups. Literature of second- and third-generation immigrants from former colonies.
    1990-2000 Diversity. Contemporary social and cultural movements.
    Martin amis, pat barker, james kelman, will self-social and cultural zeitgeist
    Helen fielding, nick hornby-remapping of feminity in post-feminist 1990s
    Irvin Welsh , Nicholas Blincoe, Niall Griffiths-contemporary underworld, counter-culture, drug and club cultures
    Jeff Noon, Jeanette Winterson- shifting perceptions of identity, new medias of virutal selves, computer-gaming, Internet
    Major historical events and their influence on cultural climate.
    1989-fall of Berlin Wall. Fall of Communist regime and the Soviet Union-totalitarian culture. Victory of capitalism, democracy , US
    • Francis Fukuyama . The End of History and the Last Man (1992)
    • West and US-domination ideological forces
    • Fear of leftist tendencies
    2001-9/11 collapse of Twin Towers of World Trade Center in NY
    Collapse of WTC.Symbolic collapse of capitalism. Subsequent ’war of terror’,’resurrection of history’.Shift of ideological and symbolic hostility of the West-new enemy: not Marxism but Islam .Effects on British Society:
    • Consensus politics- Tony Blair 1997
    • First labour PM in 20 y.
    Responses of different ethnic groups
    • Monica Ali. Brick Lane (2003)
    • Nadeem Aslam, Kamila Shamsie- i became a moslem on 9/11
    Literature of second- and third-generation immigrants from former colonies.
  • Nadeem Aslam’s politics, language and characters. Cultural hybridity as predicament and site for dialogue and development.
    Language-English setting, 21st c reality: racist attacks.
    Politics.Between English and Islamic culture
    Characters: defy conventions
    • Jugnu and Chanda: run away from conservative families - cling to orthodox form of Islam
    • But: Jugnu’s brother Shamas: gentle, liberal man. No time for orthodox form of Islam.
    • Children-negotiate Brit and Islamic culture, new generation.
    • Wife Kaukub: Brought up to believe in an unforgiving, narrow -minded version of Islam. Made human: devoted man, though sends British-born-and-raised child back to Pakistan into an arranged marriage . Sex=shame, sin. Transgressions from orthodoxy-condemned. But: greates value-love

  • Postmodernism, realism, postcolonialism and hybridity in the writings of Zadie Smith. Cultural construction and the ‘ beauty myth’.
    Postmodernism.In White Teeth, Zadie Smith demonstrates the problems of living in a postmodern world, as her characters constantly collide with each other in the pursuit of meaning and truth. Like Archie Jones ,
    the coin -flipper of the previous passage, Smith’s characters struggle with their attempts to find
    happiness in a fractured and chaotic world. Her characters seek answers, seek meanings, but find
    themselves caught between various binaries: the religious and the secular (Millat), Eastern and
    Western values (Samad), the past and the present ( Irie ), internal and external history (Archie),
    randomness and predestination (Marcus). The chaotic, mixed-up nature of life in a postmodern society is intolerable to these characters.
    Postcolonialism- Postcolonialism (postcolonial theory, postcolonian studies, or post-colonial theory) is a specifically postmodern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism . Postcolonialism is defined in anthropology as the relations between nations and areas they colonized and once ruled. [1] Postcolonialism comprises a set of theories found amongst history, anthropology, philosophy, linguistics,[2] film, political science, architecture , human geography, sociology, Marxist theory, feminism, religious and theological studies, and literature.
    White Teeth. On New Year 's morning, 1975, Archie Jones sits in his car on a London road and waits for the exhaust fumes to fill his Cavalier Musketeer station wagon. Archie—working-class, ordinary, a failed marriage under his belt —is calling it quits , the deciding factor being the flip of a 20-pence coin. When the owner of a nearby halal butcher shop (annoyed that Archie's car is blocking his delivery area) comes out and bangs on the window, he gives Archie another chance at life and sets in motion this richly imagined, uproariously funny novel.
    Epic and intimate, hilarious and poignant, White Teeth is the story of two North London families—one headed by Archie, the other by Archie's best friend, a Muslim Bengali named Samad Iqbal . Pals since they served together in World War II, Archie and Samad are a decidedly unlikely pair . Plodding Archie is typical in every way until he marries Clara , a beautiful, toothless Jamaican woman half his age, and the couple have a daughter named Irie (the Jamaican word for "no problem"). Samad —devoutly Muslim, hopelessly "foreign"— weds the feisty and always suspicious Alsana in a prearranged union. They have twin sons named Millat and Magid, one a pot- smoking punk -cum-militant Muslim and the other an insufferable science nerd. The riotous and tortured histories of the Joneses and the Iqbals are fundamentally intertwined, capturing an empire's worth of cultural identity, history, and hope.
    Zadie Smith's dazzling first novel plays out its bounding, vibrant course in a Jamaican hair salon in North London, an Indian restaurant in Leicester Square, an Irish poolroom turned immigrant café, a liberal public school, a sleek science institute. A winning debut in every respect, White Teeth marks the arrival of a wondrously talented writer who takes on the big themes —faith, race , gender, history, and culture— and triumphs
    Cultural construction and the ‘beauty myth’.Zadie Smith in her book On Beauty compares beauty to be akin to art a western myth in which we console ourselves and make ourselves.
  • Postmodernism as a life-style. Fiction that goes beyond literature. Jeanette Winteron: self-conscious, self-advertising writer. Winterson’s postmodernism: gender blending, identity as a construct, Cyberspace and 21st-century fiction.
    Postmodernism as a life-style. As a sociological concern, postmodernism describes a range of life styles adopted by emerging urban middle classes, who behave in a similar fashion to Walter Benjamin's flaneurs, the socially rootless individuals who strolled through the nineteenth century Parisian landscape reflecting on surface meanings they found in arcades, department stores, trams etc. This is a situation which has developed in the consumer culture of contemporary cities. Because of the influence of the city, all our lives (regardless of where we live) become urban. It influences our views on how we live and how we perceive the world. There is a predominant belief that things which look beautiful are morally good; it is increasingly hard to differentiate the moral worth of something from the way it looks (the aestheticisation of life). In addition there is an undermining of the differences between high culture (opera, ballet, fine art etc.) and mass culture (popular TV, music, film etc.). We feel as if the social is dissolving. The universal bonds that traditionally have bound people into communities are no longer accepted without question. A new social formation emerges which is generated by the random activities of individuals attempting to make sense of the world and their place in.
    Fiction that goes beyond literature. Both literary author and celebrity , Bret Easton Ellis represents a type of contemporary writer who draws from both high and the low culture, using popular culture references, styles and subject matters in a literary fiction that goes beyond mere entertainment.
    Jeanette Winteron. An inventive postmodern author whose fiction explores the nature and varieties of erotic love, Winterson is widely regarded as one of Britain's most talented and provocative contemporary writers. Her award-winning novels, including Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985), The Passion (1987), and Sexing the Cherry (1989), are often playful and humorous, but nevertheless serious reconsiderations of gender and sexual identity— particularly what it means to be lesbian—as well as to the relativity of existence, desire, and time. These imaginative narratives, which incorporate biblical themes and elements of myth and fairy tale, often feature cross -dressing, promiscuous, and sexually ambiguous characters. Winterson's use of the line “Trust me, I'm telling you stories” as a refrain and leitmotif in The Passion has taken on emblematic meaning for her fiction in general. Steeped in literary classics and impassioned by the ideas and work of the Modernist writers from the early twentieth century, Winterson writes fiction that attempts to pick up where the Modernists left off, creating new space for literary fiction and its readers.
    Winterson’s postmodernism: gender blending, identity as a construct. Jeanette Winterson blurs male and female voice throughout the narrative in Sexing the Cherry, to challenge gender ideologies and images of femininity. This feature of magical realism, to expose social assumptions surrounding race and gender, is important in breaking down hierarchies that would seek to suppress minority groups. By acknowledging the silences in literature, and in history, magical realists can destabilize ideologies that have become normalized, and reveal the power of language to construct identity and shape our perception of the world.
    Cyberspace and 21st-century fiction. The.Powerbook is 21st Century fiction that uses past, present and future as shifting dimensions of a multiple reality. The story is simple. An e-writer called Ali, or Alix (because x marks the spot ), will pin up a story for you, cut it to fit. She is a language costumier, writing to order, letting you be the hero of your own life, offering you freedom just for one night .
    The price ? Risk. You risk entering the story as yourself and leaving it as someone else . But if the narrative changes, then so does the narrator , as Ali discovers this is a price she too will have to pay.
    In The PowerBook Winterson weaves the narrative of an online storyteller named Ali and her/his (we’re left guessing) love affair with a married woman into the stories she writes on the email . Ali will concoct a fantastical tale for anyone who wants one in cyberspace. In this book, Winterson has fully embraced the technology of the Internet as a mode of storytelling , and her style of playing with established literary norms once again comes through. 
  • Ian McEwan : the progress of a mainstream writer. McEwan’s psychological fiction. Violence and alienation as part of Zeitgeist. McEwan’s children. Responses to urgent contemporary concerns: climate change and ecocriticism.
    Ian McEwan: the progress of a mainstream writer.
    • Born on 21 June in 1948, England
    • Spent much of his childhood traveling, because father was officer in army
    • Sussex University, Creative Writing course
    • First Love, Last Rites (1975),In Between the Sheets(1978)
    • claustrophobic tales of childhood, deviant sexuality and disjointed family life
    • first books were remarkable for their formal experimentation and controlled narrative voice.
    • Ian McEwan has written plays for television and film screenplays
    • wrote the libretto to Michael Berkeley 's music for the oratorio Or Shall We Die?
    • author of a children's book, The Daydreamer (1994).
    • Many film adaptions
    • Many awards
    McEwan’s psychological fiction. Psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological novel is not content to state what happens but goes on to explain the motivation of this action. In this type of writing character and characterization are more than usually important, and they often delve deeper into the mind of a character than novels of other genres.
    Violence and alienation as part of Zeitgeist. In McEwan's early fiction, in his strange , experimental short stories and novellas, with their isolated, sexually deviant male protagonists, he wrote from the outside in, as it were. His was always the controlling intelligence, aggressively masculine, and he followed his young male protagonists less in thought than in action, detailing their psychosis and alienation with the cold detachment of a coroner examining a corpse.
    McEwan's cruellest book, the one in which the violence seems most gratuitous and nasty , is The Comfort of Strangers (1981), his novella about a young British couple adrift in an autumnal Venice of shadows and fear that marked a point of transition for him: after this, and a long period of silence, he returned as a different writer.
    McEwan’s children. THE FORMER wife of the novelist Ian McEwan was in hiding with their two sons in northern France last night, in defiance of a court custody order. Penny Allen and the boys, aged 13 and 15, from the couple's dissolved marriage were believed to be in a Brittany farmhouse.
    Under an Oxford County Court ruling, made last week, Mr McEwan was given permanent custody of the children, who were due to be handed over before midnight on Monday . Ms Allen said she hoped her actions would prompt the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, to launch an inquiry into the case.
    Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.
    Climate change. Solar (2010), a satirical novel focusing on climate change. It is a satire about a jaded Nobel-winning physicist whose dysfunctional personal life and cynical ambition see him pursuing a solar-energy based solution for climate change.
  • Vasakule Paremale
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    Briti kirjanduse 20.-21. sajandi eksami kordamisküsimused vastustega, British Literature in the 20th-21st Century
    briti kirjandus 2012 tallinna ülikool the contradictory diverse chaotic 20th century new developments in science and philosophy the essence and influence of freudian theory literary modernism and its sub-movements the influence of structuralism and psychoanalysis main characteristic features of modernism denial of conventions traditional structure plot and presentation of character the stream of consciousness allusiveness virginia woolf?s modern fiction as a theoretical platform for modernism criticism of realist literary method joseph conrad and literary impressionism new ways of presenting character and experience conrad?s literary output lord jim nostromo heart of darkness and a critique of colonialism kurtz as nietzsche?s superman the darkness of human heart civilization and barbarism: which is which? james joyce as a master of european modernism joyce?s background joyce and ireland a portrait of the artist as a young man stephen?s and joyce?s spiritual searchings portrait as a modernist bildungsroman revolution in style and composition james joyce?s ulysses life as a whole with its fundamental laws structure composition language and style of ulysses the use of myth the characters: stephen bloom molly an d their mythological counterparts joyce?s stream of consciousness: a means of characterisation and rendering life as a whole the three characters? stream of consciousness dh lawrence: man and writer lawrence?s aesthetic: ?art for my sake? why the novel matters criticism of modern civilization the influence of freudian theory instinctive man vs spiritual woman lawrence?s women sons and lovers oedipus complex and the formation of the artist ts eliot?s poetry objective correlative the love song of j alfred prufrock paralysis anxiety fragmentation as typical features of the modern world and human condition (the waste land the hollow men) virginia woolf: an innovative writer and a feminist classic a troubled life on the verge of madness bloomsbury group woolf?s modernist aesthetic peculiarities of woolf?s stream of consciousness joyce?s and woolf?s stream of consciousness the problem of time change and memory for human personality mrs dalloway identity and survival septimus smith as clarissa?s ?dark double? english literature of the 1930s-1950s aggravating political and economic situation in the 1930s-1940s a turn in the mood aesthetic programme moral convictions and public taste the golden age of crime fiction the literature of ?fair play? graham greene realism and existentialism post wwii english literature the age of fear the philosophical novel existentialism loneliness impossibility of communication existence vs being william golding?s view of human nature darkness visible lord of the flies a parable of man outside civilization the 1960s as a new era in science technology politics and society victories and losses new spirit and aesthetic liberation world-wide new consciousness: mass culture counter-culture cult of personality ?the swinging sixties? and ?the sagging seventies? the politics and poetics of postmodernism resistance to interpretations play with language genre character ?the true? and ?the real? the role of media and ideology differences between post-war and postmodern fiction; postmodernism and modernism anthony burgess a clockwork orange as a satiric dystopia the philosophy of free choice burgess?s linguistic experiments women?s liberation movement and the literature of feminism second-wave feminism political and social campaigns and victories revolution in culture and language hélène cixous and l?écriture feminine sex vs gender (s de beauvoir butler) genres and characteristics of feminist literature angela carter the evolution of the writer?s career 1960s-1990s: from radicalism to magic realist metafiction femininity as a constructed notion in a carter?s short stories novels and non-fiction new woman changing old rules in nights at the circus and the loves of lady purple magic realism: characteristic features and philosophical meaning play with time and reality plurality of worlds and truths the ?real? and its representations (examples from a carter) historiographic metafiction linda hutcheon history as a collection of representations historiographic metafiction and magic realism in the writings of salman rushdie postcolonial situation and postcolonial trauma d m thomas?s view of history as myth postmodern play metafiction magic realism intertextuality and plagiarism (or pastiche!) in the white hotel english literature at the millennium 1990-2010: diversity of writers and social responses major historical events and their influence on cultural climate responses of different ethnic groups literature of second- and third-generation immigrants from former colonies nadeem aslam?s politics language and characters cultural hybridity as predicament and site for dialogue and development postmodernism realism postcolonialism and hybridity in the writings of zadie smith cultural construction and the ?beauty myth? postmodernism as a life-style fiction that goes beyond literature jeanette winteron: self-conscious self-advertising writer winterson?s postmodernism: gender blending identity as a construct cyberspace and 21st-century fiction ian mcewan: the progress of a mainstream writer mcewan?s psychological fiction violence and alienation as part of zeitgeist mcewan?s children responses to urgent contemporary concerns: climate change and ecocriticism

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    English literature summary

    English   literature   is   one   of   the  oldest   literatures   in   Europe;   dates   back   to   the   6th   century   AD.   Oral   literature,   i.e.   not   written   down,   spread   from   person   to   person.   In   449   AD   Anglo-­‐Saxon   tribes   invaded   England   –   beginning   of   the   Anglo-­‐Saxon   period   in   English   literature.  The  first  form  of  literature  was  folklore,  carried  by  scops  and  gleemen,  who   sang  in  alliterative  verse  (a  kind  of  simple  poetry).  Prose  developed  much  later.     The  first  form  of  recorded  English  literature  was  the  epic  Beowulf,  which  was  produced   sometime  near  the  end  of  the  7th  and  beginning ?

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    Ameerika kirjandus alates I maailmasõjast kuni tänapäevani.

    Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad · Naturalist find it absurd to blame the wicked. These criminals are doing what nature, environment, their unconscious tells them to do. Naturalists do not judge their characters, they sim

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    American Literature

    The making of a new nation. The Enlightenment in America. The emergence of the notion of the American Dream. The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (1715­1789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America. If there were just one development that directly caused the American Revolution and uplifted the intellectual culture of the continent while it was only a British colony, it would be the American Enlightenment. Broadly

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    Victorian age

    English Literature ,Victoria Age 1) Overview of the Victorian age · Periodization During the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) · Why is the Victorian Age compared to the Elizabethan Age? Both are associated with the reign of a very popular queen; Victorian age idealised the Elizabethan Age; many changes in different fields- economy, religion etc.; focusing more on people's attitudes, political developments etc; Victorian age was inspired by Elizabethan era; Britain became an empire · What were the most important changes in politics, religion and social life that occurred during the Victorian age? Politics: 1848 Chartist movement (voting right for the working class); women's suffrage movements; feminist outburst (wanted to have business ­openly; own property, voting etc.); world dominion (British empire); Economy: Industrialization; urbanization (people moved to towns ­ no agriculture & food); laissez- faire economy ­ new type, where government has no con

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    English literature from the Baroque to the Romanticism

    English literature from the Baroque to the Romanticism 1. The Jacobean Masque The development of the cultural scene in England brought about the Jacobean masque. The courtly culture became gradually more distant and isolated from the public. Ben Jonson was to become the poet who would write masques for the court. He would, in his masques, try to represent the idea of kingship as it resided in the Platonic realm, and not its reality. Jonson’s aim was also to be educative. Inigo Jones, Jonson’s collaborator, was the one to revolutionize in the field of visual perception, also adding moving machinery and a manipulation of artificial light to the scenery. Jones also viewed the masque as something to be used in educating people. This idea of art as an educative vehicle soon affected all the different areas of courtly life. Jones’s masque sets, for example, educated the audiences about classical antiquity and classical architecture. Jonson and Jones were the ones who gave the Stuart

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    pptx

    Outstanding figures in British literature

    Outstanding figures in British literature Eva Martina Põder 11.b British literature Refers to all literature produced by British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his o

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    EXAM - English literature 2

    1. The Jacobean masque Elizabethan one nation culture, now cultural polarisation between the new courtly culture and the rest of the country. Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light, revolution. The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there. Inigo Jones. Masque an educative vehicle, towards classical antiquity and architecture. Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship. Great impact. Like gods come down to earth. 2. The Caroline masque Charles decided on subject matter, and acted and danced in masques. Now the regal divinity even more obvious. Ben Jonson. Divine minds of this incomparable pair. Arts role – to

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    American Literature Portfolio

    American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century ­ put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories ­ creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 ­ John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 ­ San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 ­ Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 ­ a boat called MayFlower · 1630 ­ Boston was established · 1636 ­ Harvard University · 1773 ­ Boston Teaparty · 1775 ­ War of Independence · 1776 ­ 4 July Declaration of Independence · First President ­ George Washington Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (1451

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