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grid of streets, planned fortified towns where landowners, traders and crafters started marketing First English king who worte books More learned laity Danelaw, Viking territories in the British Isles During 9th C all Scottish Islands and the Isdle of Man went to the Vikings The Danes invaded East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia and established their kingdom- Danelaw Even being christianized, they retained their systems of manorial organization, land measurement, law and social differentiations. Norwegians captured Dublin and established ther kingdom, which lasted 35 years Ethelred the Unready and Danegeld Ethelred was the king of England Notorious for payments for attacking Vikings- danegeld, based on the angient method of assessing land in hides, so much per hide An inefficial ruler, failed to prevent England being ran over by the Danes Ordered a massacre for Danes
Emperor Claudius, the Roman rule in England lasted up to 410. The Romans left behind a huge legacy: many types of animals and plants were brought to Britain in Roman times. Roman introduced theire measurements, Christianity, reading and writing. Also, many words in English and Welsh have been borrowed from the Latin language. An important legacy of the Romans was its roads, agriculture and cities. In the Roman times the land was dominated by rules and reguations. *Christianity in Roman Britain The Roman authorities were suspicious of Christianity because followers of Jesus Christ refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Roman emperor. For this reason the early Christians were regarded as dangerous enemies of the Empire. That ceased when the emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire in the early fourth century A.D. As the century
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. SETTLEMENT The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, who were later expelled by the Knights Templar. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation-state. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the
2. Who were the original inhabitants of the area? After 500 BC, the Saladoid people migrated from present-day Venzuela to the Lesser Antilles. Around 650 AD, the Saladoid people were replaced by the Arawak Indians Around 1200 AD, the Arawaks were in turn succeeded by the Caribs. 3. When and by whom were most of these islands discovered for the Europeans? 1490s Christopher Columbus 4. Which countries colonised this area? The Spanish and Portuguese arrived in C16. England, France, and the Netherlands began their conquests in C17. Denmark only acquired a few islands. 5. Which languages are spoken in the West Indies? What is the origin of the people who live there? Pidgin is a simplified language that is born out of contact (e.g. trade) between speakers who do not speak the same language. The elements of two or more languages coalesce. Creole is a pidgin language that has become the native language of a community. Usually it was a mix of a European and another language. 6
Atlantic Ocean, north of South-America. They are known by that name because Columbus thought he had reached India when in fact he had reached the islands. 2. Original inhabitants of the area: Arawak Indians (200 BC) and Carib Indians (AD 1300). 3. For the Europeans, most of these islands were discovered by Columbus during the 15 th century. 4. The area was colonized by England, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands. 5. Languages spoken in The West Indies: English, French, Spanish, also Creole and Pidgin (by black slaves). The origin of the people is mostly African, who were brought there for slavery. 6. Most West Indian countries gained independence during the 1960s-1980s. 7. The main branches of economy are tourism and companies kept offshore (tax haven). 8. Reggae, limbo dancing and salsa have originated from the West Indies. 9
Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. Scotland has a very picturesque landscape. It may be divided into two parts: the Lowlands (an are of gentle hills, fields and woodlands, more densely populated than other parts, they also include plenty of wild upland country) and the Northern Highland (which are considered by many people, especially mountain-lovers, to be the most beautiful part of Scotland and a real tourist Mecca; they say that there may even be small patches of land on which nobody has ever set foot). Britain's highest peak, Ben Nevis (1343 m) lies not far from Fort Williams. The Scottish flag has a white cross on a blue background. It is also on the Union Jack. Northern Ireland is the smallest part of the UK as it only covers about 5500 square kilometres. About half of the 1.7 million inhabitants live in or around Belfast, the capital, in the eastern coastal region.
House of Commons first and that grew anger in the country. Parliament established its supermacy over the monarchy The ideological Protestantism had grown in England. They regarded the luxorious lifestyle of the KInga and his followers as immoral The civil war, which ended with complete victory for the parliamentary forces The Glorious Revolution-because it was bloodless, in which Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his Stuart wife Mary accepted the Parliaments invitation to become king and queen. The Bill of rights, which limited some of the monrarchs powers The Prebyterian Church was granted its legality The 18th Century in 1707, the Act of union was posed and the former two kingdoms became The united kingdom monarch and parliament on on quite well together
started during the days of the Industrial Revolution * the flag is of Wales bears a Red Dragon (it is not represented on the Union Jack) Northern Ireland: * the capital city is Belfast * 54% of people regard themselves as Protestants and 42% as Roman Catholics * the flag is called the Saint Patrick's Cross 2) History Prehistoric Britain, Roman Britain, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, Norman invasions (...-1066): Britain was part of the European land mass until the end of the last Ice Age. It became an island by about 6000 BC. From about 3000 to 2000 BC the British Isles were inhabited by a group of people called the Iberians. These Stone Age people lived in limestone caves, they used stone axes and fashioned antlers and bones into leather-working tools. Later groups of people from what are now Germany, the Netherlands and Brittany also settled in Briton. During the Bronze Age, they mined tin, gold and copper and made bronze tools
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