Ajavormide teooria (0)

Simple Present

[ VERB ] + s/es in third person
Examples :

• You speak English .
  
• Do you speak English?
  
• You do not speak English.
  

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Examples:

• I play tennis .
  
• She does not play tennis.
  
• Does he play tennis?
  
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
  
• The train does not leave at 9 AM.
  
• When does the train usually leave?
  
• She always forgets her purse.
  
• He never forgets his wallet.
  
• Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
  
• Does the Sun circle the Earth?
  

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

Examples:

• Cats like milk .
  
• Birds do not like milk.
  
• Do pigs like milk?
  
• California is in America.
  
• California is not in the United Kingdom.
  
• Windows are made of glass.
  
• Windows are not made of wood.
  
• New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
  

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Examples:

• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  
• When do we board the plane ?
  
• The party starts at 8 o' clock .
  
• When does class begin tomorrow ?
  

USE 4 Now (Non- Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

• I am here now.
  
• She is not here now.
  
• He needs help right now.
  
• He does not need help now.
  
• He has his passport in his hand .
  
• Do you have your passport with you?
  

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still , just, etc.
Examples:

• You only speak English.
  
• Do you only speak English?
  

Present Continuous

[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:

• You are watching TV.
  
• Are you watching TV?
  
• You are not watching TV.
  

USE 1 Now

Examples:

• You are learning English now.
  
• You are not swimming now.
  
• Are you sleeping?
  
• I am sitting.
  
• I am not standing.
  
• Is he sitting or standing?
  
• They are reading their books .
  
• They are not watching television .
  
• What are you doing?
  
• Why aren 't you doing your homework ?
  

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

• I am studying to become a doctor .
  
• I am not studying to become a dentist .
  
• I am reading the book Tom Sawyer .
  
• I am not reading any books right now.
  
• Are you working on any special projects at work ?
  
• Aren't you teaching at the university now?
  

USE 3 Near Future

Examples:

• I am meeting some friends after work.
  
• I am not going to the party tonight.
  
• Is he visiting his parents next weekend ?
  
• Isn't he coming with us tonight?
  

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

Examples:

• She is always coming to class late.
  
• He is constantly talking . I wish he would shut up.
  
• I don't like them because they are always complaining.
  

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

Examples:

• She is loving this chocolate ice cream . Not Correct
  
• She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
  

Simple Past

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:

• You called Debbie.
  
• Did you call Debbie?
  
• You did not call Debbie.
  

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday .
  
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
  
• Last year , I traveled to Japan.
  
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
  
• Did you have dinner last night ?
  
• She washed her car.
  
• He didn't wash his car.
  

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach , and found a nice place to swim.
  
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
  
• Did you add flour , pour in the milk, and then add the eggs ?
  

USE 3 Duration in Past
Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years .
  
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
  
• They sat at the beach all day.
  
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
  
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
  
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour .
  

USE 4 Habits in the Past

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child .
  
• He played the violin.
  
• He didn't play the piano .
  
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
  
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
  
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.
  

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
  
• He didn't like tomatoes before .
  
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
  
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
  

Past Continuous

[was/were + present participle]
Examples:

• You were studying when she called.
  
• Were you studying when she called?
  
• You were not studying when she called.
  

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Examples:

• I was watching TV when she called.
  
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter .
  
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
  
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
  
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
  
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
  
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
  
• Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
  
• While I was writing the email , the computer suddenly went off.
  
• A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
  B: I was snowboarding .
  

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
  
• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert .
  
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
  

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
  I started eating at 6 PM.
  
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
  I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.
  

USE 3 Parallel Actions

Examples:

• I was studying while he was making dinner.
  
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
  
• Were you listening while he was talking?
  
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
  
• What were you doing while you were waiting?
  
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
  
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans , and having a good time.
  

USE 4 Atmosphere

Example:

• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones , the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands . Others were complaining to each other about the bad service .
  

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

Examples:

• She was always coming to class late.
  
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
  
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
  

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

Examples:

• Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
  
• Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
  

Present Perfect

[has/have + past participle]
Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times .
  
• Have you seen that movie many times?
  
• You have not seen that movie many times.
  

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
  
• I think I have met him once before.
  
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
  
• People have traveled to the Moon .
  
• People have not traveled to Mars .
  
• Have you read the book yet?
  
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
  
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
  

TOPIC 1 Experience

Examples:

• I have been to France .
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
  
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
  
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
  
• I think I have seen that movie before.
  
• He has never traveled by train.
  
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
  
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.
  

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
  
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
  
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established .
  
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia .
  

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
  
• Our son has learned how to read.
  
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases .
  
• Scientists have split the atom .
  

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
  
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
  
• Bill has still not arrived.
  
• The rain hasn't stopped.
  

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
  
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
  
• We have had many major problems while working on this project .
  
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
  

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning . "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
  
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
  

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
  
• She has been in England for six months.
  
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
  

Present Perfect Continuous

[has/have + been + present participle]
Examples:

• You have been waiting here for two hours .
  
• Have you been waiting here for two hours?
  
• You have not been waiting here for two hours.
  

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Examples:

• They have been talking for the last hour.
  
• She has been working at that company for three years.
  
• What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
  
• James has been teaching at the university since June .
  
• We have been waiting here for over two hours!
  

USE 2 Recently, Lately

Examples:

• Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
  
• She has been watching too much television lately.
  
• Have you been exercising lately?
  
• Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
  
• Lisa has not been practicing her English.
  
• What have you been doing?
  

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

Examples:

• Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
  
• Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
  

Past Perfect

[had + past participle]
Examples:

• You had studied English before you moved to New York.
  
• Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
  
• You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
  

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

Examples:

• I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
  
• I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
  
• Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
  
• Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
  
• She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
  
• Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
  
• We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
  
• A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
  B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
  

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

• We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
  
• By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
  
• They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
  

Past Perfect Continuous

[had been + present participle]
Examples:

• You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
  
• Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
  
• You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
  

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

Examples:

• They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
  
• She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
  
• How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
  
• Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
  
• James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia .
  
• A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
  B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
  

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Examples:

• Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
  
• Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
  
• Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
  

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

Examples:

• The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct
  
• The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct
  

Simple Future

FORM Will

[will + verb]
Examples:

• You will help him later .
  
• Will you help him later?
  
• You will not help him later.
  

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight.
  
• Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
  
• You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
  

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.
  
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
  
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
  
• Will you make dinner?
  
• I will not do your homework for you.
  
• I won't do all the housework myself !
  
• A: I'm really hungry.
  B: I'll make some sandwiches.
  
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
  B: I'll get you some coffee.
  
• A: The phone is ringing.
  B: I'll get it.
  

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive.
  
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
  
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
  
• Don't worry , I'll be careful.
  
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
  

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
  
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
  
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
  B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
  
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
  
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
  
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska .
  
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
  
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake ?
  B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
  

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
  
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
  

• John Smith will be the next President.
  
• John Smith is going to be the next President.
  

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards .
  
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
  

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless , etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:

• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
  
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
  

Future Continuous

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"

[will be + present participle]
Examples:

• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
  
• Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
  
• You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
  

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]
Examples:

• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
  
• Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
  
• You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
  

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future

Examples:

• I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
  
• I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
  
• I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
  
• He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
  

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
  I will be in the process of eating dinner.
  
• At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
  We will be in the process of driving through the desert.
  

REMEMBER

In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
  I am going to start eating at 6 PM.
  
• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
  I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.
  

USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future

Examples:

• I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
  
• Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
  
• While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
  Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while."
  

USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future

Example:

• When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer . They always do the same thing.
  

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Examples:

• While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
  
• While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
  

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

Examples:

• Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
  
• Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
  

Future Perfect

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]
Examples:

• You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
  
• Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
  
• You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
  

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]
Examples:

• You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
  
• Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
  
• You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
  

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

Examples:

• By next November, I will have received my promotion .
  
• By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
  
• I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
  
• Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
  
• Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
  
• By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
  
• How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
  

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

• I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
  
• By Monday , Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
  

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Examples:

• I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
  
• I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
  

Future Perfect Continuous

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"

[will have been + present participle]
Examples:

• You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
  
• Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
  
• You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
  

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]
Examples:

• You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
  
• Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
  
• You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
  

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future

Examples:

• They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
  
• She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.
  
• James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
  

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future

Examples:

• Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
  
• Claudia 's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
  

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Examples:

• You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct
  
• You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct
  

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

• Ned will have been having his driver 's license for over two years. Not Correct
  
• Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct