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2012-03-31
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mariea90
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Russian empire became more industrialized and the political system stronger and stronger. The country increased its areas. The government was extremely conservative. By the 20th century people noticed that a czar is not the best choice any more. The next ruler Nicholas started to make some changes in the country ( " H i s t o r y a n d c u l t u r e , " ) . These changes brought together the working class which gave a start to the Social Democratic party. In 1905 Nicholas was forces to accept with the new reforms. Later the Social Democratic party split into two groups- the radical Bolsheviks and the comparatively moderate Menshiviks ( " R u s s i a n s o c i a l d e m o c r a t s , " ) . In 1914 Russia enters World War I. In 1916 the revolution leads to the abdication of Nicholas II and the fall of the autocracy. Soon Lenin comes to Russia and the Bolsheviks gain the majority in the capital which was Petrograd
published literature in their native tongue. The song and drama societies (i.e. theatrical association) forming Vanemuine laid a foundation for an Estonian national theatre (the first performance took place in 1870) and, following the German example, organised the first song festival in 1869. One thousand singers-musicians and an audience of 12 000 participated in the event. The tradition, still maintained today, occupies the central part in shaping Estonian national consciousness. The russification period The systematic Russification of the empire's western border territories started in Poland and Lithuania during the first half of the 19th century and intensified in the 1860s after another Polish uprising. The worst Russification period in Estonia and Latvia occurred between 1880 and 1890. The Russian press took up the topic of German influence in the Baltic provinces. As early as
The geography of Syria is primarily semiarid and desert plateau with a double mountain belt in the west. The government system is a republic under authoritarian regime. The chief of state is the President and the head of government is the Prime Minister. Syria has a mixed economy in which there is limited private freedom but the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Syria is a member of the Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU). Two-thirds of Syria is desert; the other third is part of the Fertile Crescent along the Mediterranean coast. About 80 percent of the population lives in that fertile region. The total population of Syria is a little over 13 million. Half the people live in cities, 4 million in Damascus alone. Arabic is the official language of the Syrian Arab Republic and the language is spoken by nearly all Syrians. French is the second-most- common language. However, it has started to be rivaled by English.
labour/capital conflict, and in the local community. We shall now look at these in turn. Second order national elections (Reif and Schmitt, 1980) - National electoral programmes (developed by national parties) + very small room for European programmes - Debate and vote focussed on national issues (few exceptions Bolkenstein / constitution) – retrospective / protest vote - List of candidates defined by national parties - Party and voters’ perspective – lower relevance than „first order elections“ – no govt. - Lower turnout if compared to national elections - Protest vote and retrospective judgement - Sanction towards governing parties (no consequences on the govt.) XIV loeng Eurozone crisis Criteria for joining the eurozone • Budget deficit: Less than 3% of GDP • Public debt: Less than 60% of GDP • Inflation: Within 1.5% of the avg
7. Universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all (environmental norms Lege ferenda norm which is in the process of establishment) To use war as a legal object to resolve conflict, there has to be either self-defence or the agreement of the security council of UN (if there's a threat to peace etc). State (def) "Inter-American convention on the rights and Duties of States!" (Montevideo 26.12.1933) A permanent population biggest part are citizens of the state, + citizens of other states, who have a residence permit, stateless person (apatrid), people with multiple citizenships (bipatrid). How to get citizenship by birth: lex sanguinis blood principle, by birth, given to the child according to the citizenship of the parents (if parents are citizens of different countries different
countries to the IMF lead rescue package for Latvia. The central bank uses a currency board system and has independent reserves, which are big enough to buy back all the currency in circulation. Estonia today is mainly influenced by developments in Germany, Finland and Sweden - the three main trade partners. The government recently increased greatly its spending on innovation. The prime minister of Estonian Reform Party has stated its goal of bringing Estonian GDP per capita into the TOP 5 of EU by 2022. Ireland is sometimes seen as a model for Estonian economic future. However, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4rd quarter of 2008. History The Estonians, an ancient people, originally came from a region just west of the Ural Mountains. Historical references to Estonia begin in the 1100's. At that time the
education in England and Wales over two years (three years in certain schools). It was introduced in the UK in 1988 to replace O-level and CSE examinations. One of the main changes to previous educational qualifications in the United Kingdom was to allow pupils to complete coursework during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade. There has been a move recently from doing coursework and modular examinations for part of the course when pupils would take exams throughout the course to an end of year exam after the two years of study (a 'linear' series). The exams are being revised to make them more difficult such as testing skills from a whole text in English instead of part of a text. Coursework has now been replaced by Controlled Assessments in certain subjects, in which the student completes a number of assessed pieces of
1 7.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them are the original version. 8. Beowulf Beowulf is the most famous heroic poem (written down 8-9cc) Beowulf is a war-leader from Scandinavia.He rescued the land of the Danes from a man-like monster Grendel. The monster kills the hero.The poet describes the funeral and how warriors mourned their king. 9. The Vikings, their way of life
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