Book 1 BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book 1
Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step -by-step approach to English
grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners.
Skill- specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe
instant reinforcement or intervention.
· Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar
· Nearly 70 practice exercises are included for ready reinforcement
· A wealth of examples are provided on every topic
· Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar tips and useful language notes Book
1
Anne Seaton · Y. H. Mew Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com
First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine,
CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore
Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means , electronic or mechanical , including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher .
ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study . Did you know that the
sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato,
the famed philosopher from ancient Greece ? That was
about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over
the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure
of words and sentences . Why? Because skill in speaking
and writing is the hallmark of all educated people.
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction
in the eight parts of speech -- nouns , pronouns , verbs ,
adjectives, adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions , and
interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English
sentences.
All students of English, be they native speakers or those
who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related).
(not I want orange.) •Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?) When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone: •I like oranges. •Bottles can break. We can use some and any with countable nouns: •I've got some dollars. •Have you got any pens? We can use a few and many with countable nouns: •I've got a few dollars. •I haven't got many pens. definite article The definite article the is the most frequent word in English. We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to. • because there is only one: The Pope is visiting Russia. The moon is very bright tonight. The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979. This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective: He is the tallest boy in the class. It is the oldest building in the town. • because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings:
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language
english-4u.de/question_word ◦ WHAT (mis?) What is your name? s_ex3.htm ◦ WHEN – (millal?) When does he come? 3. http:// ◦ WHERE – (kus?) Where do you live? www.english-4u.de/question_word s_ex6.htm ◦ WHY – (miks?) Why are you late? ◦ WHO – (kes?) Who is that girl? ◦ WHOSE – (mille?) Whose pen is it? ◦ WHICH –(milline?) Which book do you like best? ◦ HOW – (kuidas?) How are you? ◦ HOW MUCH – (kui palju?) How much is the dress? ◦ HOW MANY – (kui mitu?) How many rackets do you have? PRESENT SIMPLE ◦ That's the way to express habits, facts, thoughts and feelings. It is used with general statements and actions that happen sometimes, always, usually,... ◦ Key words: often, always, never, every day, month,..., usually, sometimes, generally, normally, rarely, seldom, whenever, on Mondays, Tuesdays,...
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid
) We'd better ask John to help us. 11. Use the present progressive am playing, is raining etc to talk about things that are continuing at the time of speaking. I'm playing very badly today. (NOT I play very badly today.) Look! It's raining! (NOT Look! It rains!) 12. Use for with a period of time. Use since with the beginning of the period. for the last two hours = since 9 o'clock for three days = since Monday for five years = since I left school I've been learning English for five years. (NOT I've been learning English since three years.) We've been waiting for ages, since eight o'clock. 13. Don't separate the verb from the object. VERB OBJECT She speaks English very well . (NOT She speaks very well English.) Andy likes skiing very much. (NOT Andy likes very much skiing.) 14. Don't use the present perfect have/has seen, have/has gone etc with words that name a finished time. I saw him yesterday. (NOT I have seen him yesterday.)
'How are you?' Very often people expect you to say something positive. Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling Work with your partner and spell out first your name and then some names of places. Write down each letter as you hear it, and then say the word. The English alphabet on the phone: You might find the following alphabet (used by international airlines) useful when trying to spell a word on the telephone. A Alpha O Oscar Ä Alpha-Echo Ö Oscar-Echo
I am _____ years old. How old are you? (formal) How old are you? (informal) ¿Hablas inglés? ¿Habla usted español? (No) Hablo... ah-blahs een-glehs ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol noh ah-bloh Do you speak English? Do you speak Spanish? (formal) I (don't) speak... (informal) ¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? (No) Entiendo. Yo (no lo) se. ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen- noh ehn-tyen-doh yoh noh loh seh dehs I (don't) understand. I (don't) know. Do you understand? (formal / informal)
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